Eberhard Goering

Skyrmions, magnetic textures with topological stability, hold promises for high-density and energy-efficient information storage devices owing to their small size and low driving-current density. Precise creation of a single nanoscale skyrmion is a prerequisite to further understand the skyrmion physics and tailor skyrmion-based applications. Here, we demonstrate the creation of individual skyrmions at zero-field in an exchange-biased magnetic multilayer with exposure to soft X-rays. In particular, a single skyrmion with 100-nm size can be created at the desired position using a focused X-ray spot of sub-50-nm size. This single skyrmion creation is driven by the X-ray-induced modification of the antiferromagnetic order and the corresponding exchange bias. Furthermore, artificial skyrmion lattices with various arrangements can be patterned using X-ray. These results demonstrate the potential of accurate optical control of single skyrmion at sub-100 nm scale. We envision that X-ray could serve as a versatile tool for local manipulation of magnetic orders.

DOI [BibTex]

Guang, Y., Bykova, I., Liu, Y., Yu, G., Goering, E., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Kim, S. K., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Yan, Z., Wan, C., Feng, J., Wang, X., Guo, C., Wei, H., Peng, Y., Tserkovnyak, Y., Han, X., Schütz, G. Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination {Nature Communications}, 11, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2020 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Element-resolved study of the evolution of magnetic response in FexN compounds

Chen, Y., Gölden, D., Dirba, I., Huang, M., Gutfleisch, O., Nagel, P., Merz, M., Schuppler, S., Schütz, G., Alff, L., Goering, E.

{Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 498, NH, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Chen, Y., Gölden, D., Dirba, I., Huang, M., Gutfleisch, O., Nagel, P., Merz, M., Schuppler, S., Schütz, G., Alff, L., Goering, E. Element-resolved study of the evolution of magnetic response in FexN compounds {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 498, NH, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001)

Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A.

physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Herein, a ferrimagnetic manganese zinc ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) film with a thickness of 200 nm is prepared without a buffer layer on strontium titanate (001) (SrTiO3) using pulsed laser deposition. Its magnetic properties are investigated using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), X-ray absorption spectroscopy with subsequent X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). Hysteresis loops derived from SQUID exhibits bulk-like properties. This can further be confirmed by bulk-like XMCD spectra. In remanent magnetization, an in-plane magnetization with basically no out-of-plane component is found. The magnetic moments derived by the sum rule formalism from the XMCD data are in good agreement to the magnetization observed by SQUID and MOKE. XMCD as well as MOKE reveal an in-plane angular fourfold magnetic anisotropy with the easy direction along [110] for (Mn0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3. The element-specific magnetic moments from XMCD show a stronger contribution of Fe to the anisotropy than of Mn and distinct contributions of the orbital moments.

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A. Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001) physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Magnetic and microstructural properties of anisotropic MnBi magnets compacted by spark plasma sintering

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Rheingans, B., Huang, W., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, 830, Elsevier B.V., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2020 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Rheingans, B., Huang, W., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Magnetic and microstructural properties of anisotropic MnBi magnets compacted by spark plasma sintering {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, 830, Elsevier B.V., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2020 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

2019

gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator

Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J.

{Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal-curves have proven to be an indispensable characterization tool for physics as well as for geology. However, the conventional evaluation algorithm requires a lot of computational effort for a comparable easy task to overcome measurement noise. In this work, we present a new evaluation approach, which exploits the diversity of Fourier space to not only speed up the calculation by a factor of 1000 but also move away from the conventional smoothing factor toward real field resolution. By comparing the baseline resolution of the new and the old algorithm, we are able to deduce an analytical equation that converts the smoothing factor into field resolution, making the old and new algorithm comparable. We find excellent agreement not only for various systems of increasing complexity but also over a large range of smoothing factors. The achieved speedup enables us to calculate a large number of first-order reversal-curve diagrams with increasing smoothing factor allowing for an autocorrelation approach to find a hard criterion for the optimum smoothing factor. This previously computational prohibitive evaluation of first-order reversal-curves solves the problem of over- and undersmoothing by increasing general readability and preventing information destruction.

DOI [BibTex]

2019

Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J. gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator {Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic crystals are systems that can be used to design and tune the dynamic properties of magnetization. Here, we focus on one-dimensional Fibonacci magnonic quasicrystals. We confirm the existence of collective spin waves propagating through the structure as well as dispersionless modes; the reprogammability of the resonance frequencies, dependent on the magnetization order; and dynamic spin-wave interactions. With the fundamental understanding of these properties, we lay a foundation for the scalable and advanced design of spin-wave band structures for spintronic, microwave, and magnonic applications.

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Gubbiotti, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Structural and magnetic properties of FePt-Tb alloy thin films

Schmidt, N. Y., Laureti, S., Radu, F., Ryll, H., Luo, C., d\textquotesingleAcapito, F., Tripathi, S., Goering, E., Weller, D., Albrecht, M.

{Physical Review B}, 100(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Schmidt, N. Y., Laureti, S., Radu, F., Ryll, H., Luo, C., d\textquotesingleAcapito, F., Tripathi, S., Goering, E., Weller, D., Albrecht, M. Structural and magnetic properties of FePt-Tb alloy thin films {Physical Review B}, 100(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic quasicrystals exceed the possibilities of spin-wave (SW) manipulation offered by regular magnonic crystals, because of their more complex SW spectra with fractal characteristics. Here, we report the direct x-ray microscopic observation of propagating SWs in a magnonic quasicrystal, consisting of dipolar coupled permalloy nanowires arranged in a one-dimensional Fibonacci sequence. SWs from the first and second band as well as evanescent waves from the band gap between them are imaged. Moreover, additional mini band gaps in the spectrum are demonstrated, directly indicating an influence of the quasiperiodicity of the system. Finally, the localization of SW modes within the Fibonacci crystal is shown. The experimental results are interpreted using numerical calculations and we deduce a simple model to estimate the frequency position of the magnonic gaps in quasiperiodic structures. The demonstrated features of SW spectra in one-dimensional magnonic quasicrystals allow utilizing this class of metamaterials for magnonics and make them an ideal basis for future applications.

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Träger, N., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Tailoring of an unusual oxidation state in a lanthanum tantalum(IV) oxynitride via precursor microstructure design

Bubeck, C., Widenmeyer, M., Richter, G., Coduri, M., Goering, E., Yoon, S., Weidenkaff, A.

{Communications Chemistry}, 2, Springer Nature, London, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Bubeck, C., Widenmeyer, M., Richter, G., Coduri, M., Goering, E., Yoon, S., Weidenkaff, A. Tailoring of an unusual oxidation state in a lanthanum tantalum(IV) oxynitride via precursor microstructure design {Communications Chemistry}, 2, Springer Nature, London, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Superior magnetic performance in FePt L10 nanomaterials

Son, K., Ryu, G. H., Jeong, H., Fink, L., Merz, M., Nagel, P., Schuppler, S., Richter, G., Goering, E., Schütz, G.

{Small}, 15(34), Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Son, K., Ryu, G. H., Jeong, H., Fink, L., Merz, M., Nagel, P., Schuppler, S., Richter, G., Goering, E., Schütz, G. Superior magnetic performance in FePt L10 nanomaterials {Small}, 15(34), Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS

{Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonics research, i.e. the manipulation of spin waves for information processing, is a topic of intense research interest in the past years. FMR, BLS and MOKE measurements lead to tremendous success and advancement of the field. However, these methods are limited in their spatial resolution. X-ray microscopy opens up a way to push to spatial resolutions below 100 nm. Here, we discuss the methodology of STXM for pump-probe data acquisition with single photon counting and arbitrary excitation patterns. Furthermore, we showcase these capabilities using two magnonic crystals as examples: an antidot lattice and a Fibonacci quasicrystal.

DOI [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Van Waeyenberge, B., Gangwar, A., Groß, F., Lisiecki, F., Rychly, J., Stoll, H., Träger, N., Förster, J., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Klos, H., Krwaczyk, M., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G. Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS {Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Interpreting first-order reversal curves beyond the Preisach model: An experimental permalloy microarray investigation

Groß, F., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E.

{Physical Review B}, 99(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal curves (FORCs) are a powerful tool to separate microscopic coercivities and interactions in a system without the need for lateral resolution. However, measured FORC densities are not always straightforward to interpret, especially if the system is interaction dominated and the Preisach-like interpretation of the FORC density breaks down. This is why FORC is often seen as a magnetic fingerprint instead of a measurement method yielding quantitative information. To understand additional features arising from the interactions in the system, we purposely designed permalloy microstructures which violate the Mayergoyz criteria. These artificial systems allow us to isolate the origin of an additional interaction peak in the FORC density. Modeling the system as a superposition of dipoles allows us to extract interaction strength parameters from this static simulation. Additionally, we suggest a linear relation between integrated interaction peak volume and interaction strength within the system. The presented correlation could be used to investigate the interaction behavior of samples as a function of structural parameters within a series of FORC measurements. This is an important step towards a more quantitative understanding of FORCs which violate the Mayergoyz criteria and away from a fingerprint interpretation.

DOI [BibTex]

Groß, F., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E. Interpreting first-order reversal curves beyond the Preisach model: An experimental permalloy microarray investigation {Physical Review B}, 99(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

The route to supercurrent transparent ferromagnetic barriers in superconducting matrix

Ivanov, Y. P., Soltan, S., Albrecht, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Zhang, Z., Chuvilin, A.

{ACS Nano}, 13(5):5655-5661, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Ivanov, Y. P., Soltan, S., Albrecht, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Zhang, Z., Chuvilin, A. The route to supercurrent transparent ferromagnetic barriers in superconducting matrix {ACS Nano}, 13(5):5655-5661, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

2018

Direct observation of Zhang-Li torque expansion of magnetic droplet solitons

{Physical Review Letters}, 120(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2018 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic droplets are nontopological dynamical solitons that can be nucleated in nanocontact based spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy free layers. While theory predicts that the droplet should be of the same size as the nanocontact, its inherent drift instability has thwarted attempts at observing it directly using microscopy techniques. Here, we demonstrate highly stable magnetic droplets in all-perpendicular STNOs and present the first detailed droplet images using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. In contrast to theoretical predictions, we find that the droplet diameter is about twice as large as the nanocontact. By extending the original droplet theory to properly account for the lateral current spread underneath the nanocontact, we show that the large discrepancy primarily arises from current-in-plane Zhang-Li torque adding an outward pressure on the droplet perimeter. Electrical measurements on droplets nucleated using a reversed current in the antiparallel state corroborate this picture.

DOI [BibTex]

2018

Chung, S., Tuan Le, Q., Ahlberg, M., Awad, A. A., Weigand, M., Bykova, I., Khymyn, R., Dvornik, M., Mazraati, H., Houshang, A., Jiang, S., Nguyen, T. N. A., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., \AAkerman, J. Direct observation of Zhang-Li torque expansion of magnetic droplet solitons {Physical Review Letters}, 120(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2018 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Interpreting FORC diagrams beyond the Preisach model: an experimental permalloy micro array investigation

Gross, F., Ilse, S., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E.

In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

DOI [BibTex]

Gross, F., Ilse, S., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E. Interpreting FORC diagrams beyond the Preisach model: an experimental permalloy micro array investigation In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

DOI [BibTex]

2017

Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi

Muralidhar, S., Gräfe, J., Chen, Y., Etter, M., Gregori, G., Ener, S., Sawatzki, S., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Physical Review B}, 95(2), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2017 (article)

Abstract

We have performed first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements to investigate the irreversible magnetization processes in the low-temperature phase of MnBi. Using temperature-dependent FORC analysis, we are able to provide a clear insight into the effects of microstructural parameters such as grain diameter, shape, and surface composition on the coercivity of nucleation hardened permanent magnet MnBi. FORC diagrams of MnBi show a unique broadening and narrowing of the coercive field distribution with increasing temperature. We were able to microscopically identify the reason for this behavior, based on the shift in the single domain critical diameter from nearly 1 to 2 μm, thereby changing the dependence of coercivity with particle size. This is based on a strong increase in the uniaxial anisotropy constant with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the results also give an additional confirmation that the magnetic hardening in low-temperature phase MnBi occurs due to nucleation mechanisms. In our case, we show that temperature-dependent FORC measurements provide a powerful tool for the microscopic understanding of high-performance permanent magnet systems.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2017

Muralidhar, S., Gräfe, J., Chen, Y., Etter, M., Gregori, G., Ener, S., Sawatzki, S., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi {Physical Review B}, 95(2), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2017 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Magnetic behavior of single chain magnets in metal organic frameworks CPO-27-Co

Son, K., Goering, E., Hirscher, M., Oh, H.

{Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology}, 17(10):7541-7546, American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, Calif., 2017 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Son, K., Goering, E., Hirscher, M., Oh, H. Magnetic behavior of single chain magnets in metal organic frameworks CPO-27-Co {Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology}, 17(10):7541-7546, American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Ranch, Calif., 2017 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

X-ray microscopy of spin wave focusing using a Fresnel zone plate

Gräfe, J., Decker, M., Keskinbora, K., Noske, M., Gawronski, P., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G.

2017 (misc)

link (url) [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Decker, M., Keskinbora, K., Noske, M., Gawronski, P., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G. X-ray microscopy of spin wave focusing using a Fresnel zone plate 2017 (misc)

link (url) [BibTex]

2016

Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films

Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 419, pages: 517-520, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2016 (article)

Abstract

Antidot lattices can be used to artificially engineer magnetic properties in thin films, however, a conclusive model that describes the coercivity enhancement in this class of magnetic nano-structures has so far not been found. We prepared Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films and patterned each with 21 square antidot lattices with different geometric parameters and measured their hysteretic behavior. On the basis of this extensive dataset we are able to provide a model that can describe both the coercivity scaling over a wide range of geometric lattice parameters and the influence of different materials.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2016

Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 419, pages: 517-520, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Geometric control of the magnetization reversal in antidot lattices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Träger, N., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U.

{Physical Review B}, 93(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

Abstract

While the magnetic properties of nanoscaled antidot lattices in in-plane magnetized materials have widely been investigated, much less is known about the microscopic effect of hexagonal antidot lattice patterning on materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. By using a combination of first-order reversal curve measurements, magnetic x-ray microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations we elucidate the microscopic origins of the switching field distributions that arise from the introduction of antidot lattices into out-of-plane magnetized GdFe thin films. Depending on the geometric parameters of the antidot lattice we find two regimes with different magnetization reversal processes. For small antidots, the reversal process is dominated by the exchange interaction and domain wall pinning at the antidots drives up the coercivity of the system. On the other hand, for large antidots the dipolar interaction is dominating which leads to fragmentation of the system into very small domains that can be envisaged as a basis for a bit patterned media.

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Träger, N., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U. Geometric control of the magnetization reversal in antidot lattices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy {Physical Review B}, 93(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

Wiedwald, U., Gräfe, J., Lebecki, K. M., Skripnik, M., Haering, F., Schütz, G., Ziemann, P., Goering, E., Nowak, U.

{Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 733-750, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

Abstract

We investigate the rich magnetic switching properties of nanoscale antidot lattices in the 200 nm regime. In-plane magnetized Fe, Co, and Permalloy (Py) as well as out-of-plane magnetized GdFe antidot films are prepared by a modified nanosphere lithography allowing for non-close packed voids in a magnetic film. We present a magnetometry protocol based on magneto-optical Kerr microscopy elucidating the switching modes using first-order reversal curves. The combination of various magnetometry and magnetic microscopy techniques as well as micromagnetic simulations delivers a thorough understanding of the switching modes. While part of the investigations has been published before, we summarize these results and add significant new insights in the magnetism of exchange-coupled antidot lattices.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Wiedwald, U., Gräfe, J., Lebecki, K. M., Skripnik, M., Haering, F., Schütz, G., Ziemann, P., Goering, E., Nowak, U. Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 733-750, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Combined first-order reversal curve and x-ray microscopy investigation of magnetization reversal mechanisms in hexagonal antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Stahl, C., Träger, N., Kopp, M., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U.

{Physical Review B}, 93(1), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

Abstract

The magnetization reversal in nanoscaled antidot lattices is widely investigated to understand the tunability of the magnetic anisotropy and the coercive field through nanostructuring of thin films. By investigating highly ordered focused ion beam milled antidot lattices with a combination of first-order reversal curves and magnetic x-ray microscopy, we fully elucidate the magnetization reversal along the distinct orientations of a hexagonal antidot lattice. This combination proves especially powerful as all partial steps of this complex magnetization reversal can be identified and subsequently imaged. Through this approach we discovered several additional steps that were neglected in previous studies. Furthermore, by imaging the microscopic magnetization state during each reversal step, we were able to link the coercive and interaction fields determined by the first-order reversal curve method to true microscopic magnetization configurations and determine their origin.

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Stahl, C., Träger, N., Kopp, M., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U. Combined first-order reversal curve and x-ray microscopy investigation of magnetization reversal mechanisms in hexagonal antidot lattices {Physical Review B}, 93(1), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Pinned orbital moments - A new contribution to magnetic anisotropy

Audehm, P., Schmidt, M., Brück, S., Tietze, T., Gräfe, J., Macke, S., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Scientific Reports}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Audehm, P., Schmidt, M., Brück, S., Tietze, T., Gräfe, J., Macke, S., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Pinned orbital moments - A new contribution to magnetic anisotropy {Scientific Reports}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

Straumal, B. B., Protasova, S. G., Mazilkin, A. A., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Straumal, P. B., Baretzky, B.

{Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 1936-1947, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Straumal, B. B., Protasova, S. G., Mazilkin, A. A., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Straumal, P. B., Baretzky, B. Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 1936-1947, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Effect of surface configurations on the room-temperature magnetism of pure ZnO

Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Leineweber, A., Baier, J., Tietze, T., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Journal of Materials Chemistry C}, 4(19):4166-4175, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Leineweber, A., Baier, J., Tietze, T., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Effect of surface configurations on the room-temperature magnetism of pure ZnO {Journal of Materials Chemistry C}, 4(19):4166-4175, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

On the synthesis and microstructure analysis of high performance MnBi

Chen, Y., Sawatzki, S., Ener, S., Sepehri-Amin, H., Leineweber, A., Gregori, G., Qu, F., Muralidhar, S., Ohkubo, T., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{AIP Advances}, 6(12), 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Chen, Y., Sawatzki, S., Ener, S., Sepehri-Amin, H., Leineweber, A., Gregori, G., Qu, F., Muralidhar, S., Ohkubo, T., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. On the synthesis and microstructure analysis of high performance MnBi {AIP Advances}, 6(12), 2016 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

2015

Preparation and characterisation of epitaxial Pt/Cu/FeMn/Co thin films on (100)-oriented MgO single crystals

Schmidt, M., Gräfe, J., Audehm, P., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Physica Status Solidi A}, 212(10):2114-2123, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2015 (article)

Abstract

Different layer thicknesses of cobalt ranging from 2.6 Å (1.5 ML) up to 55 Å (30.5 ML) deposited on ferroelectric BaTiO3 have been studied regarding their magnetic behavior. The layers have been characterized using XMCD spectroscopy at remanent magnetization. After careful data analysis the magnetic moments of the cobalt could be determined using the sum rule formalism. There is a sudden and abrupt onset in magnetism starting at thicknesses of 9 Å (5 ML) of cobalt for measurements at 120 K and of 10 Å (5.5 ML) if measured at room temperature. Initial island growth and subsequent coalescence of Co on BaTiO3 is suggested to explain the sudden onset. In that context, no magnetically dead layers are observed.

DOI [BibTex]

2015

Schmidt, M., Gräfe, J., Audehm, P., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Preparation and characterisation of epitaxial Pt/Cu/FeMn/Co thin films on (100)-oriented MgO single crystals {Physica Status Solidi A}, 212(10):2114-2123, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Perpendicular magnetisation from in-plane fields in nano-scaled antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Tietze, T., Audehm, P., Weigand, M., Wiedwald, U., Ziemann, P., Gawronski, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Nanotechnology}, 26(22), IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

Abstract

Investigations of geometric frustrations in magnetic antidot lattices have led to the observation of interesting phenomena like spin-ice and magnetic monopoles. By using highly focused magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements and x-ray microscopy with magnetic contrast we deduce that geometrical frustration in these nanostructured thin film systems also leads to an out-of-plane magnetization from a purely in-plane applied magnetic field. For certain orientations of the antidot lattice, formation of perpendicular magnetic domains has been found with a size of several μm that may be used for an in-plane/out-of-plane transducer.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Tietze, T., Audehm, P., Weigand, M., Wiedwald, U., Ziemann, P., Gawronski, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Perpendicular magnetisation from in-plane fields in nano-scaled antidot lattices {Nanotechnology}, 26(22), IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Combined FORC and x-ray microscopy study of magnetisation reversal in antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

In IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2015), IEEE, Beijing, China, 2015 (inproceedings)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Combined FORC and x-ray microscopy study of magnetisation reversal in antidot lattices In IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2015), IEEE, Beijing, China, 2015 (inproceedings)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

Grain boundaries as a source of ferromagnetism and increased solubility of Ni in nanograined ZnO

Straumal, B. B., Mazilkin, A. A., Protasova, S. G., Stakhanova, S. V., Straumal, P. B., Bulatov, M. F., Schütz, G., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Baretzky, B.

{Reviews on Advanced Materials Science}, 41, pages: 61-71, 2015 (article)

[BibTex]

Straumal, B. B., Mazilkin, A. A., Protasova, S. G., Stakhanova, S. V., Straumal, P. B., Bulatov, M. F., Schütz, G., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Baretzky, B. Grain boundaries as a source of ferromagnetism and increased solubility of Ni in nanograined ZnO {Reviews on Advanced Materials Science}, 41, pages: 61-71, 2015 (article)

[BibTex]

Phase evolution in single-crystalline LiFePO4 followed by in situ scanning X-ray microscopy of a micrometre-sized battery

Ohmer, N., Fenk, B., Samuelis, D., Chen, C., Maier, J., Weigand, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G.

{Nature Communications}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Ohmer, N., Fenk, B., Samuelis, D., Chen, C., Maier, J., Weigand, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G. Phase evolution in single-crystalline LiFePO4 followed by in situ scanning X-ray microscopy of a micrometre-sized battery {Nature Communications}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Interfacial dominated ferromagnetism in nanograined ZnO: a \muSR and DFT study

{Scientific Reports}, 5, pages: 8871-8876, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Tietze, T., Audehm, P., Chen, Y., Schütz, G., Straumal, B. B., Protasova, S. G., Mazilkin, A. A., Straumal, P. B., Prokscha, T., Luetkens, H., Salman, Z., Suter, A., Baretzky, B., Fink, K., Wenzel, W., Danilov, D., Goering, E. Interfacial dominated ferromagnetism in nanograined ZnO: a \muSR and DFT study {Scientific Reports}, 5, pages: 8871-8876, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Preparation of a ferromagnetic barrier in YBa2Cu3O7-delta thinner than the coherence length

Soltan, S., Albrecht, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Mustafa, L., Keimer, B., Habermeier, H.

{Journal of Applied Physics}, 118(22), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Soltan, S., Albrecht, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Mustafa, L., Keimer, B., Habermeier, H. Preparation of a ferromagnetic barrier in YBa2Cu3O7-delta thinner than the coherence length {Journal of Applied Physics}, 118(22), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Orbital reflectometry of PrNiO3/PrAlO3 superlattices

Wu, M., Benckiser, E., Audehm, P., Goering, E., Wochner, P., Christiani, G., Logvenov, G., Habermeier, H., Keimer, B.

{Physical Review B}, 91(19), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Wu, M., Benckiser, E., Audehm, P., Goering, E., Wochner, P., Christiani, G., Logvenov, G., Habermeier, H., Keimer, B. Orbital reflectometry of PrNiO3/PrAlO3 superlattices {Physical Review B}, 91(19), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Unique high-temperature performance of highly consensed MnBi permanent magnets

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Leineweber, A., Qu, F., Chen, C., Tietze, T., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Scripta Materialia}, 107, pages: 131-135, Pergamon, Tarrytown, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Leineweber, A., Qu, F., Chen, C., Tietze, T., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Unique high-temperature performance of highly consensed MnBi permanent magnets {Scripta Materialia}, 107, pages: 131-135, Pergamon, Tarrytown, NY, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Magnetic moments induce strong phonon renormalization in FeSi

Krannich, S., Sidis, Y., Lamago, D., Heid, R., Mignot, J., von Löhneysen, H., Ivanov, A., Steffens, P., Keller, T., Wang, L., Goering, E., Weber, F.

{Nature Communications}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Krannich, S., Sidis, Y., Lamago, D., Heid, R., Mignot, J., von Löhneysen, H., Ivanov, A., Steffens, P., Keller, T., Wang, L., Goering, E., Weber, F. Magnetic moments induce strong phonon renormalization in FeSi {Nature Communications}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2015 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

2014

Detecting magnetic flux distributions in superconductors with polarized x-rays

Stahl, C., Audehm, P., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Weigand, M., Schmidt, M., Treiber, S., Bechtel, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{Physical Review B}, 90(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

Abstract

The magnetic flux distribution arising from a high-Tc superconductor is detected and visualized using polarized x rays. Therefore, we introduce a sensor layer, namely, an amorphous, soft-magnetic Co40Fe40B20 cover layer, providing a large x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Temperature-dependent XMCD spectroscopy on the magnetic layer has been performed. Exploiting the temperature dependence of the critical current density of the superconductor we find a quantitative correlation between the XMCD signal and the in-plane stray field of the superconductor. Magneto-optical Kerr effect experiments on the sensor layer can simulate the stray field of the superconductor and hence verify the correlation. We show that the XMCD contrast in the sensor layer corresponds to the in-plane magnetic flux distribution of the superconductor and can hence be used to image magnetic structures in superconductors.

DOI [BibTex]

2014

Stahl, C., Audehm, P., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Weigand, M., Schmidt, M., Treiber, S., Bechtel, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Detecting magnetic flux distributions in superconductors with polarized x-rays {Physical Review B}, 90(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Application of magneto-optical Kerr effect to first-order reversal curve measurements

Gräfe, J., Schmidt, M., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Review of Scientific Instruments}, 85, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, N.Y. [etc.], 2014 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal curves (FORC) are a powerful method for magnetic sample characterization, separating all magnetic states of an investigated system according to their coercivity and internal magnetic interactions. A major drawback of using measurement techniques like VSM or SQUID, typically applied for FORC acquisition, is the long measurement time, limiting the resolution and the number of measurements due to time constraints. Faster techniques like MOKE result in problems regarding measurement stability over the curse of the acquisition of many minor loops, due to drift and non-absolute magnetization values. Here, we present an approach using a specialized field shape providing two anchor points for each minor loop for applying the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) technique to FORC measurements. This results in a high field resolution while keeping the total acquisition time to only a few minutes. MOKE FORC measurements are exemplarily applied to a simple permalloy film, an exchange-bias system, and a Gd/Fe multilayer system with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, showcasing the versatility of the method.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Gräfe, J., Schmidt, M., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Application of magneto-optical Kerr effect to first-order reversal curve measurements {Review of Scientific Instruments}, 85, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, N.Y. [etc.], 2014 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Element-specific depth profile of magnetism and stoichiometry at the La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/BiFeO3 interface

{Physical Review B}, 90(4), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Bertinshaw, J., Brück, S., Lott, D., Fritzsche, H., Khaydukov, Y., Soltwedel, O., Keller, T., Goering, E., Audehm, P., Cortie, D. L., Hutchison, W. D., Ramasse, Q. M., Arredondo, M., Maran, R., Nagarajan, V., Klose, F., Ulrich, C. Element-specific depth profile of magnetism and stoichiometry at the La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/BiFeO3 interface {Physical Review B}, 90(4), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Magnetic reflectometry of heterostructures (Topical Review)

Macke, S., Goering, E.

{Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 26(36), IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Macke, S., Goering, E. Magnetic reflectometry of heterostructures (Topical Review) {Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 26(36), IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

The local magnetic properties of [MnIII6 CrIII]3+ and [FeIII6 CrIII]3+ single-molecule magnets deposited on surfaces studied by spin-polarized photoemission and XMCD with circularly polarized synchrotron radiation

Heinzmann, U., Helmstedt, A., Dohmeier, N., Müller, N., Gryzia, A., Brechling, A., Hoeke, V., Krickemeyer, E., Glaser, T., Fonin, M., Bouvron, S., Leicht, P., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Kuepper, K.

{Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, 488(13), IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Heinzmann, U., Helmstedt, A., Dohmeier, N., Müller, N., Gryzia, A., Brechling, A., Hoeke, V., Krickemeyer, E., Glaser, T., Fonin, M., Bouvron, S., Leicht, P., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Kuepper, K. The local magnetic properties of [MnIII6 CrIII]3+ and [FeIII6 CrIII]3+ single-molecule magnets deposited on surfaces studied by spin-polarized photoemission and XMCD with circularly polarized synchrotron radiation {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, 488(13), IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Element specific monolayer depth profiling

Macke, S., Radi, A., Hamann-Borrero, J. E., Verna, A., Bluschke, M., Brück, S., Goering, E., Sutarto, R., He, F., Cristiani, G., Wu, M., Benckiser, E., Habermeier, H., Logvenov, G., Gauquelin, N., Botton, G. A., Kajdos, A. P., Stemmer, S., Sawatzky, G. A., Haverkort, M. W., Keimer, B., Hinkov, V.

{Advanced Materials}, 26(38):6554-6559, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2014 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

2013

Switching modes in easy and hard axis magnetic reversal in a self-assembled antidot array

Haering, F., Wiedwald, U., Nothelfer, S., Koslowski, B., Ziemann, P., Lechner, L., Wallucks, A., Lebecki, K., Nowak, U., Gräfe, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G.

{Nanotechnology}, 24, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

Abstract

We study the reversal mechanisms in a self-assembled, hexagonally ordered Fe antidot array with a period of 200 nm and an antidot diameter of 100 nm which was prepared by polystyrene nanosphere lithography. Direction-dependent information in such a self-assembled sample is obtained by measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) through constrictions processed by focused ion beam milling in nearest neighbor and next nearest neighbor directions. We show that such an originally integral method can be used to investigate the strong in-plane anisotropy introduced by the antidot lattice. The easy and hard axis reversal mechanisms and corresponding AMR signals are modeled by micromagnetic simulations. Additional in-field magnetic force microscopy studies allow the correlation of microscopic switching to features in the integral AMR. We find that the easy axis of magnetization is connected to a distinct periodic magnetic domain pattern, which can be observed during the whole magnetization reversal. While this process is driven by nucleation and propagation of reversed domains, the hard axis reversal is characterized by a (stepwise) rotation of the magnetization via the antidot lattice' easy axes.

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2013

Haering, F., Wiedwald, U., Nothelfer, S., Koslowski, B., Ziemann, P., Lechner, L., Wallucks, A., Lebecki, K., Nowak, U., Gräfe, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G. Switching modes in easy and hard axis magnetic reversal in a self-assembled antidot array {Nanotechnology}, 24, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

Ion beam lithography for Fresnel zone plates in X-ray microscopy

Keskinbora, K., Grévent, C., Bechtel, M., Weigand, M., Goering, E., Nadzeyka, A., Lloyd, P., Rehbein, S., Schneider, G., Follath, R., Vila-Comamala, J., Yan, H., Schütz, G.

{Optics Express}, 21(10):11747-11756, Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Keskinbora, K., Grévent, C., Bechtel, M., Weigand, M., Goering, E., Nadzeyka, A., Lloyd, P., Rehbein, S., Schneider, G., Follath, R., Vila-Comamala, J., Yan, H., Schütz, G. Ion beam lithography for Fresnel zone plates in X-ray microscopy {Optics Express}, 21(10):11747-11756, Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Grain boundaries as the controlling factor for the ferromagnetic behaviour of Co-doped ZnO

Straumal, B. B., Mazilkin, A. A., Protasova, S. G., Straumal, P. B., Myatiev, A. A., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Tietze, T., Baretzky, B.

{Philosophical Magazine}, 93(10-12):1371-1383, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Straumal, B. B., Mazilkin, A. A., Protasova, S. G., Straumal, P. B., Myatiev, A. A., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Tietze, T., Baretzky, B. Grain boundaries as the controlling factor for the ferromagnetic behaviour of Co-doped ZnO {Philosophical Magazine}, 93(10-12):1371-1383, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism strongly influenced by non-magnetic cover layers

Zafar, K., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Pathak, M., Chetry, K. B., LeClair, P. R., Gupta, A.

{Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena}, 191, pages: 1-6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Zafar, K., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Pathak, M., Chetry, K. B., LeClair, P. R., Gupta, A. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism strongly influenced by non-magnetic cover layers {Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena}, 191, pages: 1-6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Exchange bias in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 / SrMnO3 / La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 trilayers

Jungbauer, M., Hühn, S., Michelmann, M., Goering, E., Moshnyaga, V.

{Journal of Applied Physcis}, 113(17), American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Jungbauer, M., Hühn, S., Michelmann, M., Goering, E., Moshnyaga, V. Exchange bias in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 / SrMnO3 / La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 trilayers {Journal of Applied Physcis}, 113(17), American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Ferromagnetic behaviour of Fe-doped ZnO nanograined films

Straumal, B. B., Protasova, S. G., Mazilkin, A. A., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Straumal, P. B., Baretzky, B.

{Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 4, pages: 361-369, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Straumal, B. B., Protasova, S. G., Mazilkin, A. A., Tietze, T., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Straumal, P. B., Baretzky, B. Ferromagnetic behaviour of Fe-doped ZnO nanograined films {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 4, pages: 361-369, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

The effect of magnetic anisotropy on the spin configurations of patterned La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 elements

{Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 25, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Wohlhüter, P., Rhensius, J., Vaz, C. A. F., Heidler, J., Körner, H. S., Bisig, A., Foerster, M., Méchin, L., Gaucher, F., Locatelli, A., Niño, M. A., El Moussaoui, S., Nolting, F., Goering, E., Heyderman, L. J., Kläui, M. The effect of magnetic anisotropy on the spin configurations of patterned La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 elements {Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 25, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Eberhard Goering

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