Publications | Modern Magnetic Systems - Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination

{Nature Communications}, 11, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Skyrmions, magnetic textures with topological stability, hold promises for high-density and energy-efficient information storage devices owing to their small size and low driving-current density. Precise creation of a single nanoscale skyrmion is a prerequisite to further understand the skyrmion physics and tailor skyrmion-based applications. Here, we demonstrate the creation of individual skyrmions at zero-field in an exchange-biased magnetic multilayer with exposure to soft X-rays. In particular, a single skyrmion with 100-nm size can be created at the desired position using a focused X-ray spot of sub-50-nm size. This single skyrmion creation is driven by the X-ray-induced modification of the antiferromagnetic order and the corresponding exchange bias. Furthermore, artificial skyrmion lattices with various arrangements can be patterned using X-ray. These results demonstrate the potential of accurate optical control of single skyrmion at sub-100 nm scale. We envision that X-ray could serve as a versatile tool for local manipulation of magnetic orders.

Guang, Y., Bykova, I., Liu, Y., Yu, G., Goering, E., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Kim, S. K., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Yan, Z., Wan, C., Feng, J., Wang, X., Guo, C., Wei, H., Peng, Y., Tserkovnyak, Y., Han, X., Schütz, G. Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination {Nature Communications}, 11, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2020 (article)

Tuning the magnetic properties of permalloy-based magnetoplasmonic crystals for sensor applications

Murzin, D. V., Belyaev, V. K., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Rivas, M., Rodionova, V. V.

{Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, 59(SE), IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, England, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Miniature magnetic sensors based on magnetoplasmonic crystals (MPlCs) exhibit high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, which can be obtained by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. A field dependence of surface plasmon polaritons' enhanced magneto-optical response strongly correlates with magnetic properties of MPlCs that can be tuned by changing spatial parameters, such as the period and height of diffraction gratings and thicknesses of functional layers. This work compares the magnetic properties of MPlCs based on Ni80Fe20 (permalloy) obtained from local (longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect) and bulk (vibrating-sample magnetometry) measurements and demonstrates an ability to control sensors' performance through changing the magnetic properties of the MPlCs. The influence of the substrate's geometry (planar or sinusoidal and trapezoidal diffraction grating profiles) and the thickness of the surface layer is examined.

Murzin, D. V., Belyaev, V. K., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Rivas, M., Rodionova, V. V. Tuning the magnetic properties of permalloy-based magnetoplasmonic crystals for sensor applications {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, 59(SE), IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, England, 2020 (article)

Element-resolved study of the evolution of magnetic response in FexN compounds

Chen, Y., Gölden, D., Dirba, I., Huang, M., Gutfleisch, O., Nagel, P., Merz, M., Schuppler, S., Schütz, G., Alff, L., Goering, E.

{Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 498, NH, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

Chen, Y., Gölden, D., Dirba, I., Huang, M., Gutfleisch, O., Nagel, P., Merz, M., Schuppler, S., Schütz, G., Alff, L., Goering, E. Element-resolved study of the evolution of magnetic response in FexN compounds {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 498, NH, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

The role of temperature and drive current in skyrmion dynamics

{Nature Electronics}, 3(1):30-36, Springer Nature, London, 2020 (article)

Litzius, K., Leliaert, J., Bassirian, P., Rodrigues, D., Kromin, S., Lemesh, I., Zazvorka, J., Lee, K., Mulkers, J., Kerber, N., Heinze, D., Keil, N., Reeve, R. M., Weigand, M., Van Waeyenberge, B., Schütz, G., Everschor-Sitte, K., Beach, G. S. D., Kläui, M. The role of temperature and drive current in skyrmion dynamics {Nature Electronics}, 3(1):30-36, Springer Nature, London, 2020 (article)

Magnetic flux penetration into micron-sized superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers

Simmendinger, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{Superconductor Science and Technology}, 33(2), IOP Pub., Bristol, 2020 (article)

Simmendinger, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Magnetic flux penetration into micron-sized superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers {Superconductor Science and Technology}, 33(2), IOP Pub., Bristol, 2020 (article)

Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with flexible metal-organic frameworks

Bondorf, L.

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2020 (mastersthesis)

Bondorf, L. Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with flexible metal-organic frameworks Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2020 (mastersthesis)

Fabrication and temperature-dependent magnetic properties of large-area L10-FePt/Co exchange-spring magnet nanopatterns

Son, K., Schütz, G.

{Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems And Nanostructures}, 115, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

Son, K., Schütz, G. Fabrication and temperature-dependent magnetic properties of large-area L10-FePt/Co exchange-spring magnet nanopatterns {Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems And Nanostructures}, 115, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2020 (article)

Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001)

Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A.

physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Herein, a ferrimagnetic manganese zinc ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) film with a thickness of 200 nm is prepared without a buffer layer on strontium titanate (001) (SrTiO3) using pulsed laser deposition. Its magnetic properties are investigated using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), X-ray absorption spectroscopy with subsequent X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). Hysteresis loops derived from SQUID exhibits bulk-like properties. This can further be confirmed by bulk-like XMCD spectra. In remanent magnetization, an in-plane magnetization with basically no out-of-plane component is found. The magnetic moments derived by the sum rule formalism from the XMCD data are in good agreement to the magnetization observed by SQUID and MOKE. XMCD as well as MOKE reveal an in-plane angular fourfold magnetic anisotropy with the easy direction along [110] for (Mn0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3. The element-specific magnetic moments from XMCD show a stronger contribution of Fe to the anisotropy than of Mn and distinct contributions of the orbital moments.

Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A. Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001) physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

Research trend of metal-organic frameworks for magnetic refrigeration materials application

Kim, S., Son, K., Oh, H.

Korean Journal of Materials Research, 30(3):136-141, Materials Society of Korea, Seoul, 2020 (article)

Kim, S., Son, K., Oh, H. Research trend of metal-organic frameworks for magnetic refrigeration materials application Korean Journal of Materials Research, 30(3):136-141, Materials Society of Korea, Seoul, 2020 (article)

How to functionalise metal-organic frameworks to enable guest nanocluster embedment

King, J., Zhang, L., Doszczeczko, S., Sambalova, O., Luo, H., Rohman, F., Phillips, O., Borgschulte, A., Hirscher, M., Addicoat, M., Szilágyi, P. A.

{Journal of Materials Chemistry A}, 8(9):4889-4897, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2020 (article)

King, J., Zhang, L., Doszczeczko, S., Sambalova, O., Luo, H., Rohman, F., Phillips, O., Borgschulte, A., Hirscher, M., Addicoat, M., Szilágyi, P. A. How to functionalise metal-organic frameworks to enable guest nanocluster embedment {Journal of Materials Chemistry A}, 8(9):4889-4897, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2020 (article)

Magnetic and microstructural properties of anisotropic MnBi magnets compacted by spark plasma sintering

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Rheingans, B., Huang, W., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, 830, Elsevier B.V., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2020 (article)

Chen, Y., Gregori, G., Rheingans, B., Huang, W., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Magnetic and microstructural properties of anisotropic MnBi magnets compacted by spark plasma sintering {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, 830, Elsevier B.V., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2020 (article)

Biocompatible magnetic micro- and nanodevices: Fabrication of FePt nanopropellers and cell transfection

Kadiri, V. M., Bussi, C., Holle, A. W., Son, K., Kwon, H., Schütz, G., Gutierrez, M. G., Fischer, P.

Advanced Materials, 32(25), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2020 (article)

Kadiri, V. M., Bussi, C., Holle, A. W., Son, K., Kwon, H., Schütz, G., Gutierrez, M. G., Fischer, P. Biocompatible magnetic micro- and nanodevices: Fabrication of FePt nanopropellers and cell transfection Advanced Materials, 32(25), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2020 (article)

Generation and characterization of focused helical x-ray beams link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Generation and characterization of focused helical x-ray beams

Loetgering, L., Baluktsian, M., Keskinbora, K., Horstmeyer, R., Wilhein, T., Schütz, G., Eikema, K. S. E., Witte, S.

Science Advances, 6(7), American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020 (article)

Loetgering, L., Baluktsian, M., Keskinbora, K., Horstmeyer, R., Wilhein, T., Schütz, G., Eikema, K. S. E., Witte, S. Generation and characterization of focused helical x-ray beams Science Advances, 6(7), American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020 (article)

Generation and characterization of focused helical x-ray beams link (url) DOI [BibTex]

Materials for hydrogen-based energy storage - past, recent progress and future outlook

Hirscher, M., Yartys, V. A., Baricco, M., Bellosta von Colbe, J., Blanchard, D., Bowman Jr., R. C., Broom, D. P., Buckley, C. E., Chang, F., Chen, P., Cho, Y. W., Crivello, J., Cuevas, F., David, W. I. F., de Jongh, P. E., Denys, R. V., Dornheim, M., Felderhoff, M., Filinchuk, Y., Froudakis, G. E., Grant, D. M., Gray, E. M., Hauback, B. C., He, T., Humphries, T. D., Jensen, T. R., Kim, S., Kojima, Y., Latroche, M., Li, H., Lotostskyy, M. V., Makepeace, J. W., M\oller, K. T., Naheed, L., Ngene, P., Noréus, D., Nyg\aard, M. M., Orimo, S., Paskevicius, M., Pasquini, L., Ravnsbaek, D. B., Sofianos, M. V., Udovic, T. J., Vegge, T., Walker, G. S., Webb, C. J., Weidenthaler, C., Zlotea, C.

{Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, 827, Elsevier B.V., Lausanne, Switzerland, 2020 (article)

Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy

{Physical Review Materials}, 4(1), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Ferrimagnetic iron garnets are promising materials for spintronics applications, characterized by ultralow damping and zero current shunting. It has recently been found that few nm-thick garnet films interfaced with a heavy metal can also exhibit sizable interfacial spin-orbit interactions, leading to the emergence, and efficient electrical control, of one-dimensional chiral domain walls. Two-dimensional bubbles, by contrast, have so far only been confirmed in micrometer-thick films. Here, we show by high resolution scanning transmission x-ray microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy that submicrometer bubbles can be nucleated and stabilized in ∼25-nm-thick thulium iron garnet films via short heat pulses generated by electric current in an adjacent Pt strip, or by ultrafast laser illumination. We also find that quasistatic processes do not lead to the formation of a bubble state, suggesting that the thermodynamic path to reaching that state requires transient dynamics. X-ray imaging reveals that the bubbles have Bloch-type walls with random chirality and topology, indicating negligible chiral interactions at the garnet film thickness studied here. The robustness of thermal nucleation and the feasibility demonstrated here to image garnet-based devices by x-rays both in transmission geometry and with sensitivity to the domain wall chirality are critical steps to enabling the study of small spin textures and dynamics in perpendicularly magnetized thin-film garnets.

Büttner, F., Mawass, M. A., Bauer, J., Rosenberg, E., Caretta, L., Avci, C. O., Gräfe, J., Finizio, S., Vaz, C. A. F., Novakovic, N., Weigand, M., Litzius, K., Förster, J., Träger, N., Groß, F., Suzuki, D., Huang, M., Bartell, J., Kronast, F., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Ross, C. A., Beach, G. S. D. Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy {Physical Review Materials}, 4(1), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2020 (article)

Real-space imaging of confined magnetic skyrmion tubes

Birch, M. T., Cortés-Ortuño, D., Turnbull, L. A., Wilson, M. N., Groß, F., Träger, N., Laurenson, A., Bukin, N., Moody, S. H., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Popescu, H., Fan, R., Steadman, P., Verezhak, J. A. T., Balakrishnan, G., Loudon, J. C., Twitchett-Harrison, A. C., Hovorka, O., Fangohr, H., Ogrin, F., Gräfe, J., Hatton, P. D.

Nature Communications, 11, pages: 1726, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically nontrivial particles with a potential application as information elements in future spintronic device architectures. While they are commonly portrayed as two dimensional objects, in reality magnetic skyrmions are thought to exist as elongated, tube-like objects extending through the thickness of the host material. The study of this skyrmion tube state (SkT) is vital for furthering the understanding of skyrmion formation and dynamics for future applications. However, direct experimental imaging of skyrmion tubes has yet to be reported. Here, we demonstrate the real-space observation of skyrmion tubes in a lamella of FeGe using resonant magnetic x-ray imaging and comparative micromagnetic simulations, confirming their extended structure. The formation of these structures at the edge of the sample highlights the importance of confinement and edge effects in the stabilisation of the SkT state, opening the door to further investigation into this unexplored dimension of the skyrmion spin texture.

Current-induced dynamical tilting of chiral domain walls in curved microwires

Finizio, S., Wintz, S., Mayr, S., Huxtable, A. J., Langer, M., Bailey, J., Burnell, G., Marrows, C. H., Raabe, J.

Applied Physics Letters, 116(18), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2020 (article)

Finizio, S., Wintz, S., Mayr, S., Huxtable, A. J., Langer, M., Bailey, J., Burnell, G., Marrows, C. H., Raabe, J. Current-induced dynamical tilting of chiral domain walls in curved microwires Applied Physics Letters, 116(18), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2020 (article)

Highly effective hydrogen isotope separation through dihydrogen bond on Cu(I)-exchanged zeolites well above liquid nitrogen temperature

Xiong, R., Zhang, L., Li, P., Luo, W., Tang, T., Ao, B., Sang, G., Chen, C., Yan, X., Chen, J., Hirscher, M.

Chemical Engineering Journal, 391, Elsevier, Lausanne, 2020 (article)

Xiong, R., Zhang, L., Li, P., Luo, W., Tang, T., Ao, B., Sang, G., Chen, C., Yan, X., Chen, J., Hirscher, M. Highly effective hydrogen isotope separation through dihydrogen bond on Cu(I)-exchanged zeolites well above liquid nitrogen temperature Chemical Engineering Journal, 391, Elsevier, Lausanne, 2020 (article)

Room temperature ferromagnetism driven by Ca-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic functional material

Marzouk, M., Hashem, H. M., Soltan, S., Ramadan, A. A.

{Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics}, 31(7):5599-5607, Springer, Norwell, MA, 2020 (article)

Marzouk, M., Hashem, H. M., Soltan, S., Ramadan, A. A. Room temperature ferromagnetism driven by Ca-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic functional material {Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics}, 31(7):5599-5607, Springer, Norwell, MA, 2020 (article)

2019

Soft-magnetic coatings as possible sensors for magnetic imaging of superconductors

Ionescu, A., Simmendinger, J., Bihler, M., Miksch, C., Fischer, P., Soltan, S., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

Supercond. Sci. and Tech., 33, pages: 015002, IOP, December 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic imaging of superconductors typically requires a soft-magnetic material placed on top of the superconductor to probe local magnetic fields. For reasonable results the influence of the magnet onto the superconductor has to be small. Thin YBCO films with soft-magnetic coatings are investigated using SQUID magnetometry. Detailed measurements of the magnetic moment as a function of temperature, magnetic field and time have been performed for different heterostructures. It is found that the modification of the superconducting transport in these heterostructures strongly depends on the magnetic and structural properties of the soft-magnetic material. This effect is especially pronounced for an inhomogeneous coating consisting of ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

2019

Ionescu, A., Simmendinger, J., Bihler, M., Miksch, C., Fischer, P., Soltan, S., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Soft-magnetic coatings as possible sensors for magnetic imaging of superconductors Supercond. Sci. and Tech., 33, pages: 015002, IOP, December 2019 (article)

Extracting the dynamic magnetic contrast in time-resolved X-ray transmission microscopy

Schaffers, T., Feggeler, T., Pile, S., Meckenstock, R., Buchner, M., Spoddig, D., Ney, V., Farle, M., Wende, H., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Ohldag, H., Ollefs, K, Ney, A.

{Nanomaterials}, 9(7), MDPI, Basel, Schweiz, 2019 (article)

Schaffers, T., Feggeler, T., Pile, S., Meckenstock, R., Buchner, M., Spoddig, D., Ney, V., Farle, M., Wende, H., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Ohldag, H., Ollefs, K, Ney, A. Extracting the dynamic magnetic contrast in time-resolved X-ray transmission microscopy {Nanomaterials}, 9(7), MDPI, Basel, Schweiz, 2019 (article)

Generation of switchable singular beams with dynamic metasurfaces

Yu, P., Li, J., Li, X., Schütz, G., Hirscher, M., Zhang, S., Liu, N.

{ACS Nano}, 13(6):7100-7106, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

Yu, P., Li, J., Li, X., Schütz, G., Hirscher, M., Zhang, S., Liu, N. Generation of switchable singular beams with dynamic metasurfaces {ACS Nano}, 13(6):7100-7106, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

Piezo-electrical control of gyration dynamics of magnetic vortices

Filianina, M., Baldrati, L., Hajiri, T., Litzius, K., Foerster, M., Aballe, L., Kläui, M.

{Applied Physics Letters}, 115(6), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

Filianina, M., Baldrati, L., Hajiri, T., Litzius, K., Foerster, M., Aballe, L., Kläui, M. Piezo-electrical control of gyration dynamics of magnetic vortices {Applied Physics Letters}, 115(6), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotrope separation

{Science}, 366(6465):613-620, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., 2019 (article)

Liu, M., Zhang, L., Little, M. A., Kapil, V., Ceriotti, M., Yang, S., Ding, L., Holden, D. L., Balderas-Xicohténcatl, R., He, D., Clowes, R., Chong, S. Y., Schütz, G., Chen, L., Hirscher, M., Cooper, A. I. Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotrope separation {Science}, 366(6465):613-620, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., 2019 (article)

Magnetically induced anisotropy of flux penetration into strong-pinning superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers

Simmendinger, J., Hänisch, J., Bihler, M., Ionescu, A. M., Weigand, M., Sieger, M., Hühne, R., Rijckaert, H., van Driessche, I., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{New Journal of Physics}, 21, IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2019 (article)

Simmendinger, J., Hänisch, J., Bihler, M., Ionescu, A. M., Weigand, M., Sieger, M., Hühne, R., Rijckaert, H., van Driessche, I., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Magnetically induced anisotropy of flux penetration into strong-pinning superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers {New Journal of Physics}, 21, IOP Publishing, Bristol, 2019 (article)

X-ray microscopic characterization of high-Tc-supercoductors using image processing

Bihler, M.

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (mastersthesis)

Bihler, M. X-ray microscopic characterization of high-Tc-supercoductors using image processing Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (mastersthesis)

X-ray Optics Fabrication Using Unorthodox Approaches

Sanli, U., Baluktsian, M., Ceylan, H., Sitti, M., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Keskinbora, K.

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, APS, 2019 (article)

Sanli, U., Baluktsian, M., Ceylan, H., Sitti, M., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Keskinbora, K. X-ray Optics Fabrication Using Unorthodox Approaches Bulletin of the American Physical Society, APS, 2019 (article)

Direct observation of coherent magnons with suboptical wavelengths in a single-crystalline ferrimagnetic insulator

Förster, J., Gräfe, J., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Träger, N., Groß, F., Mayr, S., Stoll, H., Dubs, C., Surzhenko, O., Liebing, N., Woltersdorf, G., Raabe, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Wintz, S.

{Physical Review B}, 100(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Spin-wave dynamics were studied in an extended thin film of single-crystalline yttrium iron garnet using time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy. A combination of mechanical grinding and focused ion beam milling has been utilized to achieve a soft x-ray transparent thickness of the underlying bulk gadolinium gallium garnet substrate. Damon-Eshbach type spin waves down to about 100 nm wavelength have been directly imaged in real space for varying frequencies and external magnetic fields. The dispersion relation extracted from the experimental data agreed well with theoretical predictions. A significant influence of the ion milling process on the local magnetic properties was not detected.

Förster, J., Gräfe, J., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Träger, N., Groß, F., Mayr, S., Stoll, H., Dubs, C., Surzhenko, O., Liebing, N., Woltersdorf, G., Raabe, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Wintz, S. Direct observation of coherent magnons with suboptical wavelengths in a single-crystalline ferrimagnetic insulator {Physical Review B}, 100(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Nanoscale detection of spin wave deflection angles in permalloy

Gross, F., Träger, N., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J.

{Applied Physics Letters}, 114(1), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonics is a potential candidate for beyond CMOS and neuromorphic computing technologies with advanced phase encoded logic. However, nanoscale imaging of spin waves with full phase and magnetization amplitude information is a challenge. We show a generalized scanning transmission x-ray microscopy platform to get a complete understanding of spin waves, including the k-vector, phase, and absolute magnetization deflection angle. As an example, this is demonstrated using a 50 nm thin permalloy film where we find a maximum deflection angle of 1.5° and good agreement with the k-vector dispersion previously reported in the literature. With a spatial resolution approximately ten times better than any other methods for spin wave imaging, x-ray microscopy opens a vast range of possibilities for the observation of spin waves and various magnetic structures.

Gross, F., Träger, N., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J. Nanoscale detection of spin wave deflection angles in permalloy {Applied Physics Letters}, 114(1), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator

Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J.

{Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal-curves have proven to be an indispensable characterization tool for physics as well as for geology. However, the conventional evaluation algorithm requires a lot of computational effort for a comparable easy task to overcome measurement noise. In this work, we present a new evaluation approach, which exploits the diversity of Fourier space to not only speed up the calculation by a factor of 1000 but also move away from the conventional smoothing factor toward real field resolution. By comparing the baseline resolution of the new and the old algorithm, we are able to deduce an analytical equation that converts the smoothing factor into field resolution, making the old and new algorithm comparable. We find excellent agreement not only for various systems of increasing complexity but also over a large range of smoothing factors. The achieved speedup enables us to calculate a large number of first-order reversal-curve diagrams with increasing smoothing factor allowing for an autocorrelation approach to find a hard criterion for the optimum smoothing factor. This previously computational prohibitive evaluation of first-order reversal-curves solves the problem of over- and undersmoothing by increasing general readability and preventing information destruction.

Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J. gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator {Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

A special issue on hydrogen-based Energy storage

Hirscher, M.

{International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, 44, pages: 7737, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2019 (misc)

Hirscher, M. A special issue on hydrogen-based Energy storage {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, 44, pages: 7737, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2019 (misc)

Coordinated molecule-modulated magnetic phase with metamagnetism in metal-organic frameworks

Son, K., Kim, J. Y., Schütz, G., Kang, S. G., Moon, H. R., Oh, H.

{Inorganic Chemistry}, 58(14):8895-8899, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

Son, K., Kim, J. Y., Schütz, G., Kang, S. G., Moon, H. R., Oh, H. Coordinated molecule-modulated magnetic phase with metamagnetism in metal-organic frameworks {Inorganic Chemistry}, 58(14):8895-8899, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2019 (article)

Novel X-ray lenses for direct and coherent imaging

Sanli, U. T.

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (phdthesis)

Sanli, U. T. Novel X-ray lenses for direct and coherent imaging Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (phdthesis)

Scaling of intrinsic domain wall magnetoresistance with confinement in electromigrated nanocontacts

Reeve, R. M., Loescher, A., Kazemi, H., Dupé, B., Mawass, M., Winkler, T., Schönke, D., Miao, J., Litzius, K., Sedlmayr, N., Schneider, I., Sinova, J., Eggert, S., Kläui, M.

{Physical Review B}, 99(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Reeve, R. M., Loescher, A., Kazemi, H., Dupé, B., Mawass, M., Winkler, T., Schönke, D., Miao, J., Litzius, K., Sedlmayr, N., Schneider, I., Sinova, J., Eggert, S., Kläui, M. Scaling of intrinsic domain wall magnetoresistance with confinement in electromigrated nanocontacts {Physical Review B}, 99(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Coherent excitation of heterosymmetric spin waves with ultrashort wavelengths

{Physical Review Letters}, 122(11), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2019 (article)

Abstract

In the emerging field of magnonics, spin waves are foreseen as signal carriers for future spintronic information processing and communication devices, owing to both the very low power losses and a high device miniaturization potential predicted for short-wavelength spin waves. Yet, the efficient excitation and controlled propagation of nanoscale spin waves remains a severe challenge. Here, we report the observation of high-amplitude, ultrashort dipole-exchange spin waves (down to 80 nm wavelength at 10 GHz frequency) in a ferromagnetic single layer system, coherently excited by the driven dynamics of a spin vortex core. We used time-resolved x-ray microscopy to directly image such propagating spin waves and their excitation over a wide range of frequencies. By further analysis, we found that these waves exhibit a heterosymmetric mode profile, involving regions with anti-Larmor precession sense and purely linear magnetic oscillation. In particular, this mode profile consists of dynamic vortices with laterally alternating helicity, leading to a partial magnetic flux closure over the film thickness, which is explained by a strong and unexpected mode hybridization. This spin-wave phenomenon observed is a general effect inherent to the dynamics of sufficiently thick ferromagnetic single layer films, independent of the specific excitation method employed.

Dieterle, G., Förster, J., Stoll, H., Semisalova, A. S., Finizio, S., Gangwar, A., Weigand, M., Noske, M., Fähnle, M., Bykova, I., Gräfe, J., Bozhko, D. A., Musiienko-Shmarova, H. Y., Tiberkevich, V., Slavin, A. N., Back, C. H., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Wintz, S. Coherent excitation of heterosymmetric spin waves with ultrashort wavelengths {Physical Review Letters}, 122(11), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2019 (article)

Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic crystals are systems that can be used to design and tune the dynamic properties of magnetization. Here, we focus on one-dimensional Fibonacci magnonic quasicrystals. We confirm the existence of collective spin waves propagating through the structure as well as dispersionless modes; the reprogammability of the resonance frequencies, dependent on the magnetization order; and dynamic spin-wave interactions. With the fundamental understanding of these properties, we lay a foundation for the scalable and advanced design of spin-wave band structures for spintronic, microwave, and magnonic applications.

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Gubbiotti, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

Reconfigurable nanoscale spin wave majority gate with frequency-division multiplexing

Talmelli, G., Devolder, T., Träger, N., Förster, J., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Stoll, H., Heyns, M., Schütz, G., Radu, I., Gräfe, J., Ciubotaru, F., Adelmann, C.

2019 (misc)

Abstract

Spin waves are excitations in ferromagnetic media that have been proposed as information carriers in spintronic devices with potentially much lower operation power than conventional charge-based electronics. The wave nature of spin waves can be exploited to design majority gates by coding information in their phase and using interference for computation. However, a scalable spin wave majority gate design that can be co-integrated alongside conventional Si-based electronics is still lacking. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable nanoscale inline spin wave majority gate with ultrasmall footprint, frequency-division multiplexing, and fan-out. Time-resolved imaging of the magnetisation dynamics by scanning transmission x-ray microscopy reveals the operation mode of the device and validates the full logic majority truth table. All-electrical spin wave spectroscopy further demonstrates spin wave majority gates with sub-micron dimensions, sub-micron spin wave wavelengths, and reconfigurable input and output ports. We also show that interference-based computation allows for frequency-division multiplexing as well as the computation of different logic functions in the same device. Such devices can thus form the foundation of a future spin-wave-based superscalar vector computing platform.

link (url) [BibTex]

Talmelli, G., Devolder, T., Träger, N., Förster, J., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Stoll, H., Heyns, M., Schütz, G., Radu, I., Gräfe, J., Ciubotaru, F., Adelmann, C. Reconfigurable nanoscale spin wave majority gate with frequency-division multiplexing 2019 (misc)

link (url) [BibTex]

Prototyping Micro- and Nano-Optics with Focused Ion Beam Lithography

Keskinbora, K.

SL48, pages: 46, SPIE.Spotlight, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, 2019 (book)

Keskinbora, K. Prototyping Micro- and Nano-Optics with Focused Ion Beam Lithography SL48, pages: 46, SPIE.Spotlight, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, 2019 (book)

Structural and magnetic properties of FePt-Tb alloy thin films

Schmidt, N. Y., Laureti, S., Radu, F., Ryll, H., Luo, C., d\textquotesingleAcapito, F., Tripathi, S., Goering, E., Weller, D., Albrecht, M.

{Physical Review B}, 100(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Schmidt, N. Y., Laureti, S., Radu, F., Ryll, H., Luo, C., d\textquotesingleAcapito, F., Tripathi, S., Goering, E., Weller, D., Albrecht, M. Structural and magnetic properties of FePt-Tb alloy thin films {Physical Review B}, 100(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Tunable perpendicular exchange bias in oxide heterostructures

Kim, G., Khaydukov, Y., Bluschke, M., Suyolcu, Y. E., Christiani, G., Son, K., Dietl, C., Keller, T., Weschke, E., van Aken, P. A., Logvenov, G., Keimer, B.

{Physical Review Materials}, 3(8), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2019 (article)

Kim, G., Khaydukov, Y., Bluschke, M., Suyolcu, Y. E., Christiani, G., Son, K., Dietl, C., Keller, T., Weschke, E., van Aken, P. A., Logvenov, G., Keimer, B. Tunable perpendicular exchange bias in oxide heterostructures {Physical Review Materials}, 3(8), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2019 (article)

Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic quasicrystals exceed the possibilities of spin-wave (SW) manipulation offered by regular magnonic crystals, because of their more complex SW spectra with fractal characteristics. Here, we report the direct x-ray microscopic observation of propagating SWs in a magnonic quasicrystal, consisting of dipolar coupled permalloy nanowires arranged in a one-dimensional Fibonacci sequence. SWs from the first and second band as well as evanescent waves from the band gap between them are imaged. Moreover, additional mini band gaps in the spectrum are demonstrated, directly indicating an influence of the quasiperiodicity of the system. Finally, the localization of SW modes within the Fibonacci crystal is shown. The experimental results are interpreted using numerical calculations and we deduce a simple model to estimate the frequency position of the magnonic gaps in quasiperiodic structures. The demonstrated features of SW spectra in one-dimensional magnonic quasicrystals allow utilizing this class of metamaterials for magnonics and make them an ideal basis for future applications.

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Träger, N., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

Nanoscale X-ray imaging of spin dynamics in Yttrium iron garnet

Journal of Applied Physics, 126, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy has been used for the direct imaging of spin-wave dynamics in a thin film yttrium iron garnet (YIG) with sub-200 nm spatial resolution. Application of this x-ray transmission technique to single-crystalline garnet films was achieved by extracting a lamella (13×5×0.185 μm3) of the liquid phase epitaxy grown YIG thin film out of a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate. Spin waves in the sample were measured along the Damon-Eshbach and backward volume directions of propagation at gigahertz frequencies and with wavelengths in a range between 200 nm and 10 μm. The results were compared to theoretical models. Here, the widely used approximate dispersion equation for dipole-exchange spin waves proved to be insufficient for describing the observed Damon-Eshbach type modes. For achieving an accurate description, we made use of the full analytical theory taking mode-hybridization effects into account.

Förster, J., Wintz, S., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Josten, E., Meertens, D., Dubs, C., Bozhko, D. A., Stoll, H., Dieterle, G., Traeger, N., Raabe, J., Slavin, A. N., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Schütz, G. Nanoscale X-ray imaging of spin dynamics in Yttrium iron garnet Journal of Applied Physics, 126, 2019 (article)

Tailoring of an unusual oxidation state in a lanthanum tantalum(IV) oxynitride via precursor microstructure design

Bubeck, C., Widenmeyer, M., Richter, G., Coduri, M., Goering, E., Yoon, S., Weidenkaff, A.

{Communications Chemistry}, 2, Springer Nature, London, 2019 (article)

Bubeck, C., Widenmeyer, M., Richter, G., Coduri, M., Goering, E., Yoon, S., Weidenkaff, A. Tailoring of an unusual oxidation state in a lanthanum tantalum(IV) oxynitride via precursor microstructure design {Communications Chemistry}, 2, Springer Nature, London, 2019 (article)

An international laboratory comparison study of volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen adsorption measurements

{ChemPhysChem}, 20(15):1997-2009, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

Hurst, K. E., Gennett, T., Adams, J., Allendorf, M. D., Balderas-Xicohténcatl, R., Bielewski, M., Edwards, B., Espinal, L., Fultz, B., Hirscher, M., Hudson, M. S. L., Hulvey, Z., Latroche, M., Liu, D., Kapelewski, M., Napolitano, E., Perry, Z. T., Purewal, J., Stavila, V., Veenstra, M., White, J. L., Yuan, Y., Zhou, H., Zlotea, C., Parilla, P. An international laboratory comparison study of volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen adsorption measurements {ChemPhysChem}, 20(15):1997-2009, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

Hydrogen Energy

Hirscher, M., Autrey, T., Orimo, S.

{ChemPhysChem}, 20, pages: 1153-1411, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (misc)

Hirscher, M., Autrey, T., Orimo, S. Hydrogen Energy {ChemPhysChem}, 20, pages: 1153-1411, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (misc)

Superior magnetic performance in FePt L10 nanomaterials

Son, K., Ryu, G. H., Jeong, H., Fink, L., Merz, M., Nagel, P., Schuppler, S., Richter, G., Goering, E., Schütz, G.

{Small}, 15(34), Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

Son, K., Ryu, G. H., Jeong, H., Fink, L., Merz, M., Nagel, P., Schuppler, S., Richter, G., Goering, E., Schütz, G. Superior magnetic performance in FePt L10 nanomaterials {Small}, 15(34), Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, 2019 (article)

Niobium near-surface composition during nitrogen infusion relevant for superconducting radio-frequency cavities

Semione, G. D. L., Dangwal Pandey, A., Tober, S., Pfrommer, J., Poulain, A., Drnec, J., Schütz, G., Keller, T. F., Noei, H., Vonk, V., Foster, B., Stierle, A.

{Physical Review Accelerators and Beams}, 22(10), American Physical Society, Ridge, NY, USA, 2019 (article)

Semione, G. D. L., Dangwal Pandey, A., Tober, S., Pfrommer, J., Poulain, A., Drnec, J., Schütz, G., Keller, T. F., Noei, H., Vonk, V., Foster, B., Stierle, A. Niobium near-surface composition during nitrogen infusion relevant for superconducting radio-frequency cavities {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams}, 22(10), American Physical Society, Ridge, NY, USA, 2019 (article)

Balderas-Xicohténcatl, R.

High-density hydrogen monolayer formation and isotope diffusion in porous media

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (phdthesis)

Balderas-Xicohténcatl, R. High-density hydrogen monolayer formation and isotope diffusion in porous media Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2019 (phdthesis)

Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS

{Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonics research, i.e. the manipulation of spin waves for information processing, is a topic of intense research interest in the past years. FMR, BLS and MOKE measurements lead to tremendous success and advancement of the field. However, these methods are limited in their spatial resolution. X-ray microscopy opens up a way to push to spatial resolutions below 100 nm. Here, we discuss the methodology of STXM for pump-probe data acquisition with single photon counting and arbitrary excitation patterns. Furthermore, we showcase these capabilities using two magnonic crystals as examples: an antidot lattice and a Fibonacci quasicrystal.

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Van Waeyenberge, B., Gangwar, A., Groß, F., Lisiecki, F., Rychly, J., Stoll, H., Träger, N., Förster, J., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Klos, H., Krwaczyk, M., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G. Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS {Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)